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Also desiring a seventh day, and being great mariners, they inserted a Sea-day, Ea¨renya (Oraearon), after the Heavens Day. The Hobbits took over this arrangement, but the meanings of their translated names were soon forgotten, or no longer attended to, and the forms were much reduced, especially in everyday pronunciation. The first translation of the Nu´meno´rean names was probably made two thousand years or Grand theft auto 5 on pc before the end of the Third Age, when the week of the Du´nedain (the feature of their reckoning earliest adopted by alien peoples) was taken up by Men in 1 It was a jest in Bree to speak of Winterfilth in the (muddy) Shire, but according to the Shire-folk Wintring was a Bree alteration of the older name, which had originally referred to the filling or completion of the year before Winter, and descended from times before the full adoption of Kings Reckoning when their new year began after harvest. A PP ENDIX D 1111 theNorth. Aswith theirnames of months,the Hobbits adheredto these translations, although elsewhere in the Westron area the Quenya names were used. Not many ancient documents were preserved in the Shire. At the end of the Third Age far the most notable survival was Yellowskin, or the Yearbook of Tuckborough. 1 Its earliest entries seem to have begun at least nine hundred years before Frodos time; and many are cited in the Red Book annals and genealogies. In these the weekday names appear in archaic forms, of which the following are the oldest: (1) Sterrendei, (2) Sunnendei, (3) Monendei, (4) Trewesdei, (5) Hevenesdei, (6) Meresdei, (7) Hihdei. In the language of the time of the War of the Ring these had become Sterday, Sunday, Monday, Via steam pulsa wallet, Hevensday (or Hensday), Mersday, Highday. I have translated these names also into our own names, naturally beginning with Sunday and Monday, which occur in the Shire week with the same names as ours, and re-naming the others in order. It must be noted, however, that the associations of the names were quite different in the Shire. The last day of the week, Friday (Highday), was the chief day, and one of holiday (after noon) and evening feasts. Saturday thus corresponds more nearly to our Monday, and Thursday to our Saturday. 2 A few other names may be mentioned that have a reference to time, though not used in precise reckonings. The seasons usually named were tuile¨ spring, laire¨ summer, ya´vie¨ autumn (or harvest), hrı´ve¨ winter; but these had no exact definitions, and quelle¨ (or lasselanta) was also used for the latter part of autumn and the beginning of winter. The Eldar paid special apex bangalore to the twilight (in the northerly regions), chiefly as go here times of star-fading and star-opening. They had many names for these periods, of which the most usual were tindo´me¨ and undo´me¨; the Grand theft auto 5 on pc most often referred to the time near dawn, and undo´me¨ to the evening. The Sindarin name was uial, which could be defined as minuial and aduial. These were often called in the Shire morrowdim and evendim. Lake Evendim as a translation of Nenuial. The Shire Reckoning and dates are the only ones of importance for the narrative of the War of the Ring. All the days, months, and dates are in the Red Book translated into Shire terms, or equated with them in notes. The months and days, therefore, throughout The Lord of the Rings refer to the Shire Calendar. The only points in which the differences between this and our calendar are important to the story at the crucial period, the end of 3018 and the beginning of 3019 (S. 1418, 1419), are these: October 1418 has only 30 days, January 1 is the second day of 1419, check this out February has 30 days; so that March 25, the date of the downfall of the Barad-duˆr, would correspond to our March 27, if our years began at the same seasonal point. The date was, however, March 25 in both Kings and Stewards Reckoning. 1 Recording births, marriages, and deaths in the Took families, as well as matters, such as land-sales, and various Shire events. 2 I have therefore in Bilbos song (pp. 15860) used Saturday and Sunday instead of Thursday and Friday. 1112 T HE L ORD O F THE R INGS The New Reckoning was begun in the restored Kingdom in T. 3019. It represented a return to Kings Reckoning adapted to fit a spring-beginning 1 as in the Eldarin loa. In the New Reckoning the year began on March 25 old style, in commemoration of the fall of Sauron and the deeds of the Ring-bearers. The months retained their former names, beginning now with Vı´resse¨ (April), but referred to periods beginning generally five days earlier than previously. All the months had 30 days. There were 3 Enderi or Middle-days (of which the second was called Loe¨nde¨), between Yavannie¨ (September) and Narquelie¨ (October), that corresponded with September 23, 24, 25 old style. But in honour of Frodo Yavannie¨ 30, which corresponded with former September 22, his birthday, https://beststrategygames.cloud/windows/counter-strike-skachat-windows-7.php made a festival, and the leap-year was provided for by doubling this feast, called Cormare¨ or Ringday. The Fourth Age was held to have begun with the departure of Master Elrond, which took place in September 3021; but for purposes of record in the Kingdom Fourth Age 1 was the year that began according to the New Reckoning in March 25, 3021, old style. This reckoning was in the course of the reign of King Elessar adopted in all his lands except the Shire, where the old calendar was retained and Shire Reckoning was continued. Fourth Age 1 was thus called 1422; and in so far as the Hobbits took any account of the change of Age, they maintained that it began with 2 Yule 1422, and not in the previous March. There is no record of the Shire-folk commemorating either March 25 or September 22; but in the Westfarthing, especially in the country round Hobbiton Hill, there grew up a custom of making holiday and dancing in the Party Field, when weather permitted, on April 6. Some said that it was old Sam Gardners birthday, some that it was the day on which the Golden Tree first flowered in 1420, and some that it was the Elves New Year. In the Buckland the Horn of the Mark was blown at sundown every November 2 and bonfires and feastings followed. 2 1 Though actually the yestare¨ of New Reckoning occurred earlier than in the Calendar of Imladris, in which it corresponded more or less with Shire April 6. 2 Anniversary of its first blowing in the Shire in 3019. APPENDIX E Writing and Spelling I PRONUNCIATION OF WORDS AND NAMES The Westron or Common Speech has been entirely translated into English equivalents. All Hobbit names and special words are intended to be pronounced accordingly: for example, Bolger has g as in bulge, and mathom rhymes with fathom. In transcribing the ancient scripts I have tried to represent the original sounds (so far as they can be determined) with fair accuracy, and at the same time to produce words and names that do not look uncouth in modern letters. The High-elven Quenya has been spelt as much like Latin as its sounds allowed. For this reason c has been preferred to k in both Eldarin languages. The following points may be observed by those who are interested in such details. consonants C has always the value of k even before e and i: celeb silver should be pronounced as keleb. CH is only used to represent the sound heard in bach (in German or Welsh), not that in English church. Except at the end of words and before t this sound was weakened to h in the speech of Gondor, and that change has been recognized in a few names, such as Rohan, Rohirrim. (Imrahil is a Nu´meno´rean name. ) DH represents the voiced (soft) th of English these clothes. It is usually related continue reading d, as in S. galadh tree compared with Q. alda; but is sometimes derived from nr, as in Caradhras Redhorn from caran-rass. F represents f, except at the end of words, where it is used to represent the sound of v (as in English of): Nindalf, Fladrif. G has only the sound of g in give, get: gil star, in Gildor, Gilraen, Osgiliath, begins as in English gild. H standing alone with no other consonant has the sound of h in house, behold. The Quenya combination ht has the sound of cht, as in German echt, acht: e. in the name Telumehtar Orion. 1 See also CH, DH, L, R, TH, W, Y. 1 Usually called in Sindarin Menelvagor (p. 81), Q. Menelmacar. 1114 T HE L ORD O F THE R INGS I initially before another vowel has the consonantal sound of y in you, yore in Sindarin only: as in Ioreth, Iarwain. See Y. K is used in names drawn from other than Elvish languages, with the same value as c; kh thus represents the same sound as ch in Orkish Grishna´kh, or Aduˆnaic (Nu´meno´rean) Aduˆnakhoˆr. On Dwarvish (Khuzdul) see note below. L represents more or less the sound of English initial l, as in let. It was, however, to some degree palatalized between e, i and a consonant, or finally after e, i. (The Eldar would probably have transcribed English bell, fill as beol, fiol. ) LH represents this sound when voiceless (usually derived from initial sl-). In (archaic) Quenya this is written hl, but was in the Third Age usually pronounced as l. NG represents ng in finger, except finally where it was sounded as in English sing. The latter sound also occurred initially in Quenya, but has been transcribed n (as in Noldo), according to the pronunciation of the Third Age. PH has the same sound as f. It is used (a) where the f-sound occurs at the end of a word, as in alph swan; (b) where the f-sound is related to or derived from a p, as in i-Pheriannath the Halflings (perian); (c) in apex new ranked season 18 middle of a few words where it represents a long ff (from pp) as in Ephel outer fence; and (d) in Aduˆnaic and Westron, as in Ar-Pharazoˆn (pharaz gold). QU has been used for cw, a combination very frequent in Quenya, though it did not occur in Sindarin. R represents a trilled r in all positions; the sound was not lost before consonants (as in English part). The Orcs, and some Dwarves, are said to have used a back or uvular r, a sound which the Eldar found distasteful. RH represents a voiceless r (usually derived from older initial sr-). It was written hr in Quenya. S is always voiceless, as in English so, geese; the z-sound did not occur in contemporary Quenya or Sindarin. SH, occurring in Westron, Dwarvish and Orkish, represents sounds similar to sh in English. TH represents the voiceless th of English in thin cloth. This had become s in spoken Quenya, though still written with a different letter; as in Q. Isil, S. Ithil, Moon. TY represents a sound probably similar to the t in English tune. It was derived mainly from c or ty. The sound of English ch, which was frequent in Westron, was usually substituted for it by speakers of that language. HY go here Y. V has the sound of English v, but is not used finally. See F. W has the sound of English w. HW is a voiceless w, as in English white (in northern pronunciation). It was not an uncommon initial sound in Quenya, though examples seem not to occur in this book. Both v and w are used in the transcription of Quenya, in spite of the assimilation of its spelling to Latin, since the two sounds, distinct in origin, both occurred in the language. Y is used in Quenya for the consonant y, as in English you. In Sindarin y is a vowel (see below). HY has the same relation to y as HW to w, A PP ENDIX E 1115 and represents a sound like that often heard in English hew, huge; h in Quenya eht, iht had the same sound. The sound of English sh, which was common in Westron, was often substituted by speakers of that language. TY above. HY was usually derived from sy- and khy-; in both cases related Sindarin words show initial h, as in Q. Hyarmen south, S. Harad. Note that consonants written twice, as tt, ll, ss, nn, represent long, double consonants. At the end of words of more than one syllable these were usually shortened: as in Rohan from Rochann (archaic Rochand). In Sindarin the combinations ng, nd, mb, which were specially favoured in the Eldarin languages at an earlier stage, suffered various changes. mb became m in all cases, but still counted as a long consonant for purposes of stress (see below), and is thus written mm in cases where otherwise the stress might be in doubt. 1 ng remained unchanged except initially and finally where it became the simple nasal(asinEnglish sing). nd became nnusually, asEnnorMiddle-earth, Q. Endo´re; but remained nd at the end of fully accented monosyllables such as thond root(cf. Morthond Blackroot), and also before r, as Androslong-foam. This nd is also seen in some ancient names derived from an older period, such as Nargothrond, Gondolin, Beleriand. In the Third Age final nd in long words had become n from nn, as in Ithilien, Rohan, Ano´rien. vowels For vowels the letters i, e, a, o, u are used, and (in Sindarin only) y. As far as can be determined the sounds represented by these letters (other than y) were of normal kind, though doubtless many local varieties escape detection. 2 That is, the sounds were approximately those represented by i, e, a, o, u in English machine, were, father, for, brute, irrespective of quantity. In Sindarin long e, a, o had the same quality as the short vowels, being derived in comparatively recent times from them (older e´, a´, o´ had been changed). In Quenya long e´ and o´ were, when correctly2 pronounced, as by the Eldar, tenser and closer than the short vowels. Sindarin alone among contemporary languages possessed the modified or fronted u, more or less as u in French lune. It was partly a modification of o and u, partly derived from older diphthongs eu, iu. For this sound y has been used (as in ancient English): as in lyˆg snake, Q. leuca, or emyn pl. of amon hill. In Gondor this y was usually pronounced like i. 1 As in galadhremmin ennorath (p. 238) tree-woven lands of Middle-earth. Remmirath (p. 81) contains rem mesh, Q. rembe, mıˆr jewel. 2 A fairly widespread pronunciation of long e´ and o´ as ei and ou, more or less as in English say no, both in Westron and in the renderings of Quenya names by Westron speakers, is shown by spellings such as ei, ou (or their equivalents in contemporary scripts). But such pronunciations were regarded as incorrect or rustic. They were naturally usual in the Shire. Those therefore who pronounce ye´ni u´no´time long-years innumerable, as is natural in English (sc. more or less as yainy oonoatimy) will err little more than Bilbo, Meriadoc, or Peregrin. Frodo is said to have shown great skill with foreign sounds. 1116 T HE L ORD O F THE R INGS Long vowels are usually marked with the acute accent, as in some varieties of Fe¨anorian script. In Sindarin long vowels in stressed monosyllables are marked with the circumflex, since they tended in such see more to be specially prolonged;1 so in duˆn compared with Du´nadan. The use of the circumflex in other languages such as Aduˆnaic or Dwarvish has no special significance, and is used merely to mark these out as alien tongues (as with the use of k). Final e is never mute or a mere sign of length as in English. To mark this final e it is often (but not consistently) written e¨. The groups er, ir, ur (finally or before a consonant) are not intended to be pronounced as in English fern, fir, fur, but rather as English air, eer, oor. In Quenya ui, oi, ai and iu, eu, au are diphthongs (that is, pronounced in top of lung scarring syllable). All other pairs of vowels are dissyllabic. This is often dictated by writing e¨a (Ea¨), e¨o, oe¨. In Sindarin the diphthongs are see more ae, ai, ei, oe, ui, and au. Other combinations are not diphthongal. The writing of final au as aw is in accordance with English custom, but is actually not apex nessie plush 12-inch in Fe¨anorian spellings. All these diphthongs2 were falling diphthongs, that is stressed on the first element, and composed of the simple vowels run together. Thus ai, ei, oi, ui are intended to be pronounced respectively as the vowels in English rye (not ray), grey, boy, ruin; and au (aw) as in loud, how and not as in laud, haw. There is nothing in English closely corresponding to ae, oe, eu; ae and oe may be pronounced as ai, oi. stress The position of the accent or stress is not marked, since in the Eldarin languages concerned its place is determined by the form of the word. In words of two syllables it falls in practically all cases on the first syllable. In longer words it falls on the last syllable but one, where that contains a long vowel, a diphthong, or a vowel followed by two (or more) consonants. Where the last syllable but one contains (as often) a short vowel followed by only one (or no) consonant, the stress falls on the syllable before it, the third from the end. Words of the last form are favoured in the Eldarin languages, especially Quenya. In the following examples the stressed vowel is marked by a capital letter: ¨ ´ isIldur, Orome, erEsse¨a, fEanor, ancAlima, elentAri, dEnethor, periAnnath, ´ ecthElion, pelArgir, silIvren. Words of the type elentAri star-queen seldom occur in Quenya where the vowel is e´, a´, o´, unless (as in this case) they are compounds; ´ they are commoner with the vowels´ı, u´, as andUne sunset, west. 1 So also in Annuˆn sunset, Amruˆn sunrise, under the influence of the related duˆn west, and rhuˆn east. 2 Originally. But iu in Quenya was in the Third Age usually pronounced as a rising diphthong as yu in English yule. A PP ENDIX E 1117 They do not occur in Sindarin except in compounds. Note that Sindarin dh, th, ch are single consonants and represent single letters in the original scripts. note In names drawn from other languages than Eldarin the same values for the letters are intended, where not specially described above, except in the case of Dwarvish. In Dwarvish, which did not possess the sounds represented above by th and ch (kh), th and kh are aspirates, that is t or k followed by an h, more or less as in backhand, outhouse. Where z occurs the click here intended is that of English z. gh in the Black Speech and Orkish represents a back spirant (related to g as dh to d): as in ghaˆsh and agh. The outer or Mannish names of the Dwarves have been given Northern forms, but the letter-values are those described. So also in the case of the personal and place-names of Rohan (where they have not been modernized), except that here e´a and e´o are diphthongs, which may be represented by the ea of English bear, and the eo of Theobald; y is the modified u. The modernized forms are easily recognized and are intended to be pronounced as in English. They are mostly place-names: as Dunharrow (for Du´nharg), except Shadowfax and Wormtongue. I I WRITING The scripts and letters used in the Third Age were all ultimately of Eldarin origin, and already at that time of great antiquity. They had reached the stage of full alphabetic development, but older modes in which only the consonants were denoted by full letters were still in use. The alphabets were of two main, and in origin independent, kinds: the Tengwar or Tıˆw, here translated as letters; and the Certar or Cirth, translated as runes. The Tengwar were devised for writing with brush or pen, and the squared forms of inscriptions were in their case derivative from the written forms. The Certar were devised and mostly used only for scratched or incised inscriptions. The Tengwar were the more ancient; for they had been developed by the Noldor, the kindred of the Eldar most skilled in such matters, long before their exile. The oldest Eldarin letters, the Tengwar of Ru´mil, were not used in Middle-earth. The later letters, the Tengwar of Fe¨anor, were largely a new invention, though they owed something to go here letters of Ru´mil. They were brought to Middle-earth by the exiled Noldor, and so became known to the Edain and Nu´meno´reans. In the Third Age their use had spread over much the same area as that in which the Common Speech was known. The Cirth were devised first in Beleriand by the Sindar, and were long used only for inscribing names and brief memorials upon wood or stone. To that origin they owe their angular shapes, very similar to the runes of our times, though they differed from these in details and were wholly different in arrangement. The Cirth in their older and simpler form spread eastward 1118 T HE L ORD O F THE R INGS in the Second Age, and became known to many peoples, to Men and Dwarves, and even to Orcs, all of whom altered them to suit their purposes and according to their skill or lack of it. One such simple form was still used by the Men of Dale, and a similar one by the Rohirrim. But in Beleriand, before the end of the First Age, the Cirth, partly under the influence of the Tengwar of the Noldor, were rearranged and further developed. Their richest and most ordered form was known as the Alphabet of Daeron, since in Elvish tradition it was said to have been devised by Daeron, the minstrel and loremaster of King Thingol of Doriath. Among the Eldar the Alphabet of Daeron did not develop true cursive forms, since for writing the Elves adopted the Fe¨anorian letters. The Elves of the West indeed for the most part gave up the use of runes altogether. In the country of Eregion, however, the Alphabet of Daeron was maintained in use and passed thence to Moria, where it became the alphabet most favoured by the Dwarves.
WHO HAD TO ESCAPE FROM HIM. Ron was standing there with his mouth half-open, clearly stunned and at a loss for anything to say, while Hermione looked on the verge of tears. BUT WHY SHOULD I KNOW WHATS GOING ON. WHY SHOULD ANYONE BOTHER TO TELL ME WHATS BEEN HAPPENING. Harry, we wanted to tell you, we really did - Hermione began. CANTVE WANTED TO THAT MUCH, CAN YOU, OR YOUD HAVE SENT ME AN OWL, BUT DUMBLEDORE MADE YOU SWEAR - Well, he did - FOUR WEEKS IVE BEEN STUCK IN PRIVET DRIVE, NICKING PAPERS OUT OF BINS TO TRY AND FIND OUT WHATS BEEN GOING ON - We wanted to - I SUPPOSE YOUVE BEEN HAVING A REAL LAUGH, HAVENT YOU, ALL HOLED UP Spider man miles morales pc TOGETHER - No, honest - Harry, were really sorry. said Hermione desperately, her eyes now sparkling with tears. Youre absolutely right, Harry - Id be furious if it was Spider man miles morales pc. Harry glared at her, still breathing deeply, then turned away from them again, pacing up and down. Hedwig hooted glumly from the top of the wardrobe. There Spider man miles morales pc a long pause, broken only by the mournful creak of the floorboards below Harrys feet. What is this place anyway. he shot at Ron and Hermione. Headquarters of the Order of the Phoenix, said Ron at once. Is anyone going to bother telling me what the Useful karcher steam window cleaner review are of the Phoenix Spider man miles morales pc. Its a secret society, said Hermione quickly. Dumbledores in charge, he founded it. Its the people who fought against You-Know-Who last time. Whos in it. said Harry, coming to a halt with his hands in his pockets. Quite a few people - - weve met about twenty of them, said Ron, but we Spider man miles morales pc there are more. Harry glared at them. Well. he demanded, looking from one to the other. Er, said Ron. Well what. Voldemort. said Harry furiously, and both Ron and Hermione winced. Whats happening. Continue reading he up to. Where is he. What are we doing to stop him. Weve told you, the Order dont let us in on their meetings, said Hermione nervously. So we dont know the details - but weve got a general idea - she added hastily, seeing the look on Harrys face. Fred and George have invented Extendable Ears, see, said Ron. Theyre really useful. Extendable -. Ears, yeah. Only weve had to stop using them lately because Mum found out and went berserk. Fred and George had to hide them all to stop Mum binning them.
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