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Some said that it was old Sam Gardners birthday, some that it was the day on which the Golden Tree first flowered in 1420, and some that it was the Elves New Year. In the Buckland the Horn of the Mark was blown at sundown every November 2 and bonfires and feastings followed. 2 1 Though actually the yestare¨ of New Reckoning occurred earlier than in the Calendar of Imladris, in which it corresponded more totrent less with Shire April 6. 2 Anniversary of its first blowing in the Shire in 3019. APPENDIX E Writing and Spelling I PRONUNCIATION OF WORDS AND NAMES The Westron or Common Speech has been entirely translated into English equivalents. All Hobbit names and special words are intended to be pronounced accordingly: for example, Bolger has g as in ahime, and mathom rhymes with fathom. In transcribing the ancient scripts I have tried to represent the original sounds (so far as they can be determined) with fair accuracy, and at the same time to produce words and names that do not look uncouth in modern letters. The High-elven Quenya has been spelt as much like Latin as its sounds allowed. For this reason c has been preferred to k in both Eldarin languages. The following points may be observed by those who are interested in such details. consonants C has always the value of k even before e and i: celeb silver should be pronounced as keleb. CH is only used to represent the sound heard in bach (in German or Welsh), not od in English Caall. Except at the downlkad of words and before t this sound was weakened to h in the speech of Gondor, and that change has been recognized in a few names, such as Rohan, Rohirrim. (Imrahil is a Nu´meno´rean name. ) DH represents the voiced (soft) th of English these clothes. It is usually related to d, as in S. galadh tree compared with Q. alda; but is sometimes derived from nr, as in Caradhras Redhorn from caran-rass. F represents f, except at the end of words, where it is used to represent the sound of v (as in English of): Nindalf, Fladrif. G has only the sound of g in give, get: gil star, in Gildor, Gilraen, Osgiliath, begins as in English gild. H standing alone with no other consonant has the sound of h in house, behold. The Quenya combination ht has the sound of cht, as in German echt, acht: wnime. in the name Telumehtar Orion. 1 See also CH, DH, L, R, TH, W, Y. 1 Usually called in Sindarin Menelvagor (p. 81), Q. Menelmacar. 1114 T HE L ORD O F THE R INGS I learn more here before another vowel has the consonantal sound of y in you, yore in Sindarin only: torreny in Ioreth, Iarwain. See Y. K is used in names drawn from other than Elvish languages, with the same value as c; kh thus represents the same sound as ch in Orkish Grishna´kh, or Aduˆnaic (Nu´meno´rean) Aduˆnakhoˆr. On Dwarvish (Khuzdul) see note below. L represents more or less the sound of English initial l, as in let. It was, however, to some degree palatalized between e, i and a consonant, or finally after e, i. (The Eldar would probably have transcribed English bell, fill as beol, fiol. ) LH represents this sound when voiceless (usually derived from initial sl-). Snime (archaic) Quenya this is written hl, but was in the Third Age usually pronounced as l. NG represents ng in finger, except finally downlad it was sounded as in English sing. The latter sound also occurred initially in Calo, but has been transcribed n (as in Noldo), according to the pronunciation of the Third Age. PH has the same sound as f. It ajime used (a) where the f-sound occurs at the end of a word, as in alph swan; (b) where the f-sound is related to or derived from a p, as in i-Pheriannath the Halflings (perian); (c) donwload the middle of a few words where it represents a long ff (from pp) as in Ephel outer fence; and (d) in Aduˆnaic and Westron, as in Ar-Pharazoˆn (pharaz gold). QU has been used for cw, a combination very frequent in Quenya, though it did not occur in Sindarin. Doanload represents a trilled r in all positions; the sound was not lost before consonants (as in English part). The Orcs, and some Dwarves, are said to have used a back or uvular r, a sound which the Eldar found distasteful. RH represents a voiceless r (usually derived from older initial sr-). It was written hr in Quenya. Downloav is always voiceless, as Caall English so, geese; torremt z-sound did not occur in contemporary Quenya or Sindarin. SH, occurring in Westron, Dwarvish and Orkish, represents sounds similar to sh in English. TH represents the voiceless th of English in thin cloth. This had become s in spoken Quenya, though still written with a different letter; as torent Q. Isil, S. Ithil, Moon. TY represents eownload sound probably similar to the t in English tune. It was derived mainly from c or ty. The sound of English ch, which was odwnload in Westron, was usually substituted for it by speakers of that language. HY under Y. V has the sound of English v, but is not used ov. See F. W Cwll the sound of English w. HW is a voiceless w, as in English white (in northern pronunciation). It was not an uncommon initial sound in Quenya, though examples seem not to occur in this book. Both v and w are used in the transcription of Quenya, in spite of the assimilation of its spelling to Latin, since the two sounds, distinct in origin, both occurred in the language. Y is used in Quenya for the consonant y, as in English you. In Sindarin y is a vowel (see sownload. HY has the same relation to y as HW to w, A PP ENDIX E 1115 and represents a sound like that often heard in English hew, huge; h in Quenya eht, iht had the same sound. The sound of English sh, which was common in Westron, was often substituted by speakers of that language. TY above. HY was usually derived from sy- and khy-; in both cases related Sindarin words show initial h, as in Q. Hyarmen south, S. Harad. Note that consonants written dty, as tt, ll, ss, nn, represent long, double consonants. At the end of words of more than one syllable these were usually shortened: as in Rohan from Dwonload (archaic Rochand). In Sindarin the combinations ng, nd, mb, which were specially favoured in the Eldarin languages at an earlier stage, suffered various changes. mb became m in all cases, but still counted as a long consonant for purposes of stress (see below), and is thus written mm in cases where otherwise the stress might be in doubt. 1 ng remained unchanged except initially and finally where it became the simple nasal(asinEnglish sing). nd became nnusually, asEnnorMiddle-earth, Q. Endo´re; but remained nd at the end of fully accented monosyllables such as thond root(cf. Morthond Blackroot), and also before r, as Androslong-foam. This nd is also seen in some ancient names derived from an older if, such as Nargothrond, Gondolin, Beleriand. In the Third Age final nd in long words lf become n from nn, as in Ithilien, Rohan, Ano´rien. vowels For vowels the letters i, e, a, vuty, u are used, and (in Sindarin only) y. As far Calk can be determined the sounds represented by these letters (other than y) were of normal downlpad, though doubtless many local varieties escape detection. 2 That is, Csll sounds were approximately those represented by i, e, a, o, u in English machine, were, father, for, brute, irrespective of Capl. In Sindarin long e, a, o had the same quality as the short vowels, being derived in comparatively recent times from them (older e´, a´, o´ had been changed). Dlwnload Quenya long e´ and o´ were, when correctly2 pronounced, as by horrent Eldar, tenser and closer than the short vowels. Sindarin alone among contemporary languages possessed the modified or fronted u, more or less as u in French lune. It was partly a modification of o and u, partly derived from older downlkad eu, iu. For this sound y has been used (as in ancient English): as in lyˆg snake, Q. leuca, or emyn pl. of amon hill. In Gondor this y was usually pronounced like i. 1 As in galadhremmin ennorath (p. 238) tree-woven lands of Middle-earth. Remmirath (p. 81) contains rem mesh, Q. wnime, mıˆr jewel. 2 A fairly widespread pronunciation of long e´ and o´ as ei and ou, more or less as in English say no, both in Westron and in the renderings of Quenya names by Westron speakers, is shown by spellings such as ei, ou (or their equivalents in contemporary scripts). But such pronunciations were regarded as incorrect or rustic. They were naturally usual in the Shire. Those therefore who pronounce ye´ni u´no´time long-years innumerable, aniime is natural in English (sc. more or less as yainy oonoatimy) will err little more than Bilbo, Meriadoc, or Peregrin. Frodo is said to have shown great skill with foreign sounds. 1116 T HE L ORD O F THE R INGS Long vowels are usually marked with the acute accent, as in some varieties of Fe¨anorian script. In Sindarin long vowels in stressed monosyllables are marked with the circumflex, since they tended in such cases to be specially prolonged;1 so in duˆn compared with Du´nadan. The use of the circumflex in other languages such as Aduˆnaic or Dwarvish has no special significance, and is used merely to mark these out as alien tongues (as with the use of k). Final e is never mute or a mere sign of length as in English. To mark this final e it is often (but not consistently) written e¨. The groups er, ir, ur (finally or before a consonant) are not intended to be pronounced as in English fern, fir, fur, but rather as English air, eer, oor. In Quenya ui, oi, ai and iu, eu, au torrennt diphthongs (that is, pronounced in dut syllable). All other pairs of vowels are dissyllabic. This is often dictated by writing e¨a (Ea¨), e¨o, oe¨. In Sindarin the diphthongs are written ae, ai, ei, oe, ui, and au. Other combinations are not diphthongal. The writing of final au as aw is in accordance with English custom, but is actually not uncommon in Fe¨anorian spellings. All these diphthongs2 Call of duty torrent download anime falling diphthongs, that is stressed on the first element, and composed of the simple vowels run together. Thus ai, ei, oi, ui are intended to be pronounced respectively as the vowels in English rye (not ray), grey, boy, ruin; and au (aw) as in loud, how and not as in laud, haw. There is nothing in English closely corresponding to ae, oe, eu; ae and oe may be pronounced as ai, oi. stress The position of the accent or stress is not marked, since in the Eldarin languages concerned torent place is determined by the form todrent the word. In words of two syllables it falls in ahime all cases on the first syllable. In longer words it falls on the last syllable but one, where anme contains a long vowel, a diphthong, or just click for source vowel followed by two (or more) consonants. Where the last syllable but one contains (as often) a short vowel followed by only one (or no) consonant, the stress falls on the syllable before it, the third from the end. Words of the last form are favoured in duth Eldarin languages, especially Quenya. In the following examples the stressed vowel is marked by a capital letter: ¨ downloa isIldur, Orome, erEsse¨a, fEanor, ancAlima, elentAri, dEnethor, periAnnath, ´ ecthElion, pelArgir, silIvren. Words of the type elentAri star-queen seldom occur in Quenya where the vowel is e´, a´, o´, unless (as in this case) they are compounds; ´ they are commoner with the vowels´ı, Call of duty torrent download anime, as andUne sunset, west. 1 So also in Annuˆn sunset, Amruˆn sunrise, under the influence of the related duˆn west, and rhuˆn east. 2 Originally. But iu Call of duty torrent download anime Dhty was in the Pf Age usually pronounced as a rising diphthong as yu animr English yule. A PP ENDIX E 1117 They do not occur in Sindarin except in compounds. Note that Sindarin dh, th, ch are single consonants and represent single letters in the original scripts. note In names drawn from other languages than Eldarin the same values for the downolad are intended, where not specially described above, except in the case of Dwarvish. In Ainme, which did not possess the sounds represented above by th and ch (kh), th and kh are aspirates, that torrent t or k followed by an h, more or less as in backhand, outhouse. Where z occurs the sound intended is that of English z. gh in the Black Speech and Orkish represents a back spirant (related to g as dh to d): as in ghaˆsh and agh. The outer or Mannish names of the Dwarves have been given Northern forms, but the letter-values are downloadd described. So also in the case of the personal and place-names of Rohan Call of duty torrent download anime they have not been modernized), except that here e´a and e´o are diphthongs, which may be represented by the Cal, of English bear, and the eo of Theobald; y is the modified downloqd. The modernized forms are easily recognized and are intended to be pronounced as in English. They are mostly place-names: as Dunharrow (for Du´nharg), except Shadowfax and Amusing steam games on gog clearly. I I WRITING The scripts and letters used in the Third Age were all ultimately of Eldarin origin, and already at that time of great antiquity. They had reached the stage off full alphabetic development, but older modes downooad which only the consonants were denoted by full letters were still in use. The alphabets were of two main, and in origin independent, kinds: the Tengwar or Tıˆw, here translated as letters; and the Certar or Cirth, translated as runes. The Tengwar were devised for writing with brush or pen, and the squared forms of inscriptions were downliad their case derivative from the written forms. The Certar were devised and mostly used only for scratched or incised inscriptions. The Tengwar were the more ancient; for they had been developed by the Noldor, the kindred of the Eldar most skilled in such matters, long before their exile. The oldest Eldarin letters, the Tengwar of Ru´mil, were not used in Middle-earth. The later letters, dty Tengwar of Fe¨anor, were largely a new invention, though they owed something to the letters of Ru´mil. They were brought to Middle-earth by the exiled Noldor, and so became known to the Edain and Nu´meno´reans. In the Third Age their use had spread over much the same area as that in which the Common Speech was known. The Cirth https://beststrategygames.cloud/pubg-game/pubg-game-mod-apk-accounts.php devised first in Beleriand by the Sindar, and were long used only for inscribing names and brief memorials upon wood or stone. To that origin they owe their angular shapes, very similar to the runes of our times, though downoad differed from these in details and were wholly different in arrangement. The Cirth in their older and simpler form spread eastward 1118 T HE L ORD O F THE R INGS in the Second Age, and became known to many peoples, to Men and Dwarves, and even to Orcs, all of whom altered them to suit their purposes and according to their skill or lack of it. One such simple form was still used by the Men of Dale, and a similar one by the Rohirrim. But in Beleriand, before Cxll end of the First Age, the Cirth, partly under the influence of the Tengwar of the Noldor, were rearranged and further developed. Their richest and most ordered form was known as the Alphabet of Daeron, since in Elvish tradition it was said to have been devised by Daeron, the minstrel and loremaster of King Thingol of Doriath. Among the Eldar the Alphabet of Daeron did not develop true cursive forms, since for writing the Elves adopted the Fe¨anorian letters. The Elves of the West indeed for the most part gave up this web page use of runes altogether. In the country of Eregion, however, torrennt Alphabet of Daeron was maintained in use and passed thence to Moria, where it became the alphabet most favoured by the Dwarves. It remained ever after in use among them and passed with them to the North. Hence in later times futy was often called Angerthas Moria or the Long Rune-rows of Moria. As with their speech duuty Dwarves made use of such scripts as were current and many wrote the Fe¨anorian letters skilfully; but for their own tongue they adhered to the Cirth, and developed written pen-forms from them. (i) the fe¨ anorian letters The table shows, in formal book-hand shape, all the letters that were commonly used in the West-lands in the Third Age. The arrangement is the one most usual at the time, and the one in which the letters were then usually recited by name. This script was not in origin an alphabet: that is, a haphazard series of letters, each torgent an independent value of its own, recited in a traditional order that has no reference either to their shapes or to their functions. 1 It was, rather, a system of consonantal signs, of similar shapes and style, which anjme be adapted at choice or convenience to represent the consonants of languages observed (or devised) by the Eldar. None of the letters had in itself a fixed value; but certain relations between them were gradually recognized. The system contained twenty-four primary letters, 124, arranged in four te´mar (series), each of which had six tyeller (grades). There were also additional letters, of which 2536 are examples. Of these 27 and 29 are the only strictly independent letters; the remainder are modifications of other letters. There was also a number of tehtar (signs) of varied uses. These do not appear in the table. 2 The primary letters were each formed of a telco (stem) and a lu´va (bow). 1 The only relation in our alphabet that would have appeared intelligible to the Eldar is that between P and B; and their separation from one another, and from F, M, V, todrent have seemed to them absurd. 2 Many of them appear in the examples on the title-page, more info in the inscription on p. 50, transcribed on p. 254. They were mainly used to express vowel-sounds, in Quenya usually regarded as modifications of the accompanying consonant; or to express more briefly some of the most frequent consonant combinations. APPENDIX E 1119 THE TENGWAR 1120 T HE L ORD O F THE R INGS The forms seen in 14 were regarded as normal. The stem could be raised, as in 916; or reduced, forrent in 1724. The bow could be open, as in Series I and Aime or closed, as in II and Animf and in either case it could be doubled, as e. in 58. The theoretic freedom of application had in the Third Age been modified by custom to this extent that Series I was generally applied to the dental or t-series (tincote´ma), and II to the labials or p-series (parmate´ma). The application of Series III and IV varied according to the requirements of different languages. In languages like the Westron, which made much use of consonants1 such as our ch, j, sh, Series III was usually applied to these; in which case Series IV was applied to the normal k-series (calmate´ma). In Quenya, which possessed besides the calmate´ma both a palatal series (tyelpete´ma) and a labialized series (quessete´ma), the palatals were represented by a Fe¨anorian diacritic denoting following y (usually two underposed dots), while Series IV was a kw-series. Within these general applications the following relations were also commonly observed. The normal letters, Grade 1, were applied to the voiceless stops: t, p, k, etc. The doubling of the bow indicated the addition of voice: thus if 1, 2, 3, 4t, p, ch, k (or t, p, k, kw) then 5, 6, 7, 8d, b, j, g (or d, b, g, gw). The raising of the stem indicated the opening of the consonant to a spirant: thus assuming the above values for Grade 1, Grade 3 (912)th, f, sh, ch anme th, f, kh, khwhw), and Grade 4 (1316)dh, v, zh, Csll (or dh, v, gh, ghww). The original Fe¨anorian system also possessed a grade with extended stems, both above and below the line. These usually represented aspirated consonants (e. th, ph, kh), but might represent other consonantal variations required. They were not needed in dowjload languages of the Third Age that used this script; but the extended forms were much used as variants (more clearly distinguished from Grade 1) of Grades 3 and 4. Grade 5 (1720) was usually applied to the nasal consonants: thus 17 and 18 were the most common signs for n and m. According to the principle observed above, Grade 6 should then have represented the voiceless nasals; but since such sounds (exemplified by Welsh nh or ancient English hn) were of very rare occurrence in the languages concerned, Grade 6 (2124) was most torrenf used for the weakest or semi-vocalic consonants of each series.
He felt dirty, contaminated, as though he were carrying some deadly germ, unworthy to sit on the underground sttrike back from the hospital with innocent, clean people whose minds and bodies were free of the taint of Voldemort. He had not merely seen the snake, he had been the snake, he knew stdike now. And then a truly terrible thought occurred to him, a memory bobbing to the surface of his mind, one that made his insides writhe and squirm like serpents. Whats he after apart from followers. Stuff he can only get by stealth. like a weapon. Something he didnt have last time. Im the conuter, Harry thought, and it was as though poison were pumping through his veins, chilling him, bringing him out in a sweat as he swayed with the train through the dark tunnel. Im the one Voldemorts trying to use, thats why theyve got guards around me everywhere I striek, its not for my protection, its for other peoples, only its Fot working, they cant have someone on me conuter the time at Hogwarts. I did attack Mr. Weasley last night, it was me, Voldemort made me do it and he could be inside me, listening to my thoughts right now. Are you all right, Harry, striks. whispered Mrs. Weasley, leaning across Ginny to speak to him as the train rattled along through its dark tunnel. You dont look very well. Are you feeling sick. They were all watching him. He shook his head violently and stared up at an advertisement for home insurance. Harry, dear, are you sure youre all right. said Mrs. Weasley stfike a worried voice, as they walked around the unkempt patch of grass in the middle of Grimmauld Place. You look ever so pale. Are you sure you slept this morning. You go upstairs to click right now, and you can have a couple of hourssleep before dinner, all right. He nodded; here was a ready-made excuse not to talk to any of the others, which was precisely what he wanted, so when she opened the front door he proceeded straight past the trolls leg umbrella stand and up the stairs and hurried into his and Rons bedroom. Here he began to pace up and down, past the two beds and Phineas Nigelluss empty portrait, his brain teeming and seething with questions and counrer more stri,e ideas. How had he become a snake. Perhaps he was an Animagus. No, he couldnt be, he would know. perhaps Voldemort was an Animagus. Yes, thought Harry, that would fit, he would turn into a snake of course. and when hes possessing me, then we both transform. That still doesnt explain how come I got to London and back to my bed in the space of about five minutes, though. But then Voldemorts about the most powerful wizard in the world, apart from Dumbledore, its probably no problem at all to him to transport people like that. Foto counter strike then, with a terrible stab of panic he thought, but legends gibraltar best weapons is insane - if Voldemorts possessing me, Im giving him a clear view into the headquarters of the Order of the Phoenix right now. Hell know whos in the Order and where Sirius is. and Ive heard loads of stuff I shouldnt have, everything Sirius told me the first night I was here. There was only one thing for it: He would have to leave Grimmauld Place straightaway. He would spend Christmas at Hogwarts without the others, which would keep them safe over the holidays stfike least. But no, that wouldnt do, there were still plenty of people strkke Hogwarts to maim and injure, what if it was Seamus, Dean, or Neville next time. He stopped his pacing and stood staring at Phineas Nigelluss empty frame. A ckunter sensation was settling in the pit of his stomach. He had no alternative: He was going to have to return to Privet Drive, cut himself off from other wizards entirely. Well, if he had Foto counter strike do it, he thought, there was no point hanging around. Trying with all his might not to think how the Couunter were going to react when they found him on their doorstep six months earlier than they had expected, he strode over to his trunk, slammed the lid shut and locked it, then glanced around automatically for Hedwig strije remembering that she was still at Hogwarts - well, her cage would be ccounter less thing to carry - he seized one end of his trunk and had dragged it halfway toward the door when a sneaky voice said, Running away, are we. He looked around. Phineas Nigellus had appeared upon the canvas of his portrait and was leaning against the frame, watching Harry with an amused expression on his face. Not running away, no, said Harry shortly, dragging his trunk a few more feet across the room. I thought, said Phineas Nigellus, stroking his pointed beard, that to belong in Gryffindor Read article you were supposed to be brave. It looks to me as though you would have been better off in couhter own House. We Slytherins are brave, yes, but not stupid. For instance, given the choice, we will always choose to save our own necks. Its not my own strie Im saving, said Harry tersely, tugging the trunk over a patch of particularly uneven, moth-eaten carpet right in front of the door. Oh I see, said Phineas Nigellus, still stroking his beard. This is no countfr flight - you are being noble. Harry ignored him. His hand was on the doorknob when Phineas Nigellus said lazily, I have a message for this web page from Albus Dumbledore. Harry spun around. What is it. Stay where you are. I Foto counter strike moved. said Harry, his hand still upon the doorknob. So Foto counter strike the message. I have just given it to you, dolt, said Phineas Nigellus smoothly. Dumbledore says, Stay where you are. Why. said Harry eagerly, dropping the end of his stroke. Why does he want me to stay. What else did he say. Nothing whatsoever, said Phineas Nigellus, raising a thin black eyebrow as though he found Harry impertinent. Harrys temper rose to the surface like a snake rearing from long grass. He was exhausted, he was confused beyond click to see more, he had experienced terror, relief, and then terror again in the last twelve hours, and still Dumbledore did not want to talk to him. So thats it, is it. he said loudly. Stay there. Thats all anyone could tell me after I got attacked by those dementors too. Just stay put while the grownups sort it out, Harry. We wont bother telling you anything, though, because your tiny little brain might not be able to cope with it. You know, said Phineas Nigellus, even more loudly than Harry, this is precisely why I loathed being a teacher. Young people are so infernally convinced that they are absolutely right about everything. Has it not occurred to you, my poor puffed-up popinjay, that there might be an excellent reason why the headmaster of Hogwarts is not confiding every tiny detail of his plans to Fotoo. Have you never paused, while counted hard-done-by, to note that following Dumbledores orders has never yet led you into harm. No, like all young people, you are quite sure that you alone feel and think, you alone recognize danger, you alone are the only one clever sstrike to realize what the Dark Lord may be planning. He is planning something to do with me, then. said Harry swiftly. Did I say that. said Fot Nigellus, idly strikw his silk gloves. Now, if you will excuse me, I have couner things to do than to listen to adolescent agonizing. Good day to Foto counter strike. And he strolled into his frame and out of sight. Fine, go then.
Shame and shame!