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Some said that it was old Sam Gardners birthday, some that it was the day on which the Golden Tree first flowered in 1420, and some that it was the Elves New Year. In the Buckland the Horn of the Mark was blown at sundown every November 2 and bonfires and feastings followed. 2 1 Though actually the yestare¨ of New Reckoning occurred earlier than in the Calendar of Imladris, in which it corresponded more or less with Shire April 6. 2 Anniversary of its first blowing in the Shire in 3019. APPENDIX E Writing and Spelling I PRONUNCIATION OF WORDS AND NAMES The Westron or Common Speech has been entirely translated into English equivalents. All Hobbit names and special words are intended to be pronounced accordingly: for example, Bolger has g as in bulge, and mathom rhymes with fathom. In transcribing the ancient scripts I have tried to represent the original sounds (so far as they can be determined) with fair accuracy, and at the same time to produce words and names that do not look uncouth in modern letters. The High-elven Quenya has been spelt as much like Latin as its sounds allowed. For this reason c has been preferred to k in both Eldarin languages. The following points may be observed by those who are interested in such details. consonants C has always the value of k even before e and i: celeb silver should be pronounced as keleb. CH is only used to represent the sound heard in bach (in German or Welsh), not that in English church. Except at the end of words and before t this sound was weakened to h in the speech of Gondor, and that change has been recognized in a few names, such as Rohan, Rohirrim. (Imrahil is a Nu´meno´rean name. ) DH represents the voiced (soft) th of English these clothes. It is usually related to d, as in S. galadh tree compared with Q. alda; but is sometimes derived from nr, as in Caradhras Redhorn from caran-rass. F represents f, except at the end of words, where it is used to represent the sound of v (as in English of): Nindalf, Fladrif. G has only the sound of g in give, get: gil star, in Gildor, Gilraen, Osgiliath, begins as in English gild. H standing alone with no other consonant has the sound of h in house, behold. The Quenya combination ht has the sound of cht, as in German echt, acht: e. in the name Telumehtar Orion. 1 See also CH, DH, L, R, TH, W, Y. 1 Usually called in Sindarin Menelvagor (p. 81), Q. Menelmacar. 1114 T HE L ORD O F THE R INGS I initially before another vowel has the consonantal sound of y in you, yore in Sindarin only: as in Ioreth, Iarwain. See Y. K is used in learn more here drawn from other than Elvish languages, with the same value as c; kh thus represents the same sound as ch in Orkish Grishna´kh, or Aduˆnaic (Nu´meno´rean) Aduˆnakhoˆr. On Dwarvish (Khuzdul) see note below. L represents more or less the sound of English initial l, as in let. It was, however, to some degree palatalized between e, i and a consonant, or finally after e, i. (The Eldar would probably have transcribed English bell, fill as beol, fiol. ) LH represents this sound when voiceless (usually derived from initial sl-). In (archaic) Quenya this is written hl, but was in the Third Age usually pronounced as l. NG represents ng in finger, except finally where it was sounded as in English sing. The latter sound also occurred initially in Quenya, but has been transcribed n (as in Noldo), according to the pronunciation of the Third Age. PH has learn more here same sound as f. It is used (a) where the f-sound occurs at the end of a word, as in alph swan; (b) where the f-sound is related to or derived from a p, as in i-Pheriannath the Halflings (perian); (c) in the middle of a few words where it represents a long ff (from pp) as in Ephel outer fence; and (d) in Aduˆnaic and Westron, as in Ar-Pharazoˆn (pharaz gold). QU has been used for cw, a combination very frequent in Quenya, though it did not occur in Sindarin. R represents a trilled r in all positions; the sound was not lost before consonants (as in English part). The Orcs, and some Dwarves, are said to have used a back or uvular r, a sound which the Eldar found distasteful. RH represents a voiceless r (usually derived from older initial sr-). It was written hr in Quenya. S is always voiceless, as in English so, geese; the z-sound did not occur in contemporary Quenya or Sindarin. SH, occurring in Westron, Dwarvish and Orkish, represents sounds similar to sh in English. TH represents the voiceless th of English in thin cloth. This had become s in spoken Quenya, though still written with a different letter; as in Q. Isil, S. Ithil, Moon. TY represents a sound probably similar to the t in English tune. It was derived mainly from c or ty. The sound of English ch, which was frequent in Westron, was usually substituted for it by speakers of that language. HY under Y. V has the sound of English v, but is not used finally. See F. W has the sound of English w. HW is a voiceless w, as in English white (in northern pronunciation). It was not an uncommon initial sound in Quenya, though examples seem not to occur in this book. Both v and w are used in the transcription of Quenya, in visit web page of the assimilation of its spelling to Latin, since the two sounds, distinct in origin, both occurred in the language. Y is used in Quenya for the consonant y, as in English you. In Sindarin y is a vowel (see below). HY has the same relation to y as HW to w, A PP ENDIX E 1115 and represents a sound like that often heard in English hew, huge; h in Quenya eht, iht had the same sound. The sound of English sh, which was common in Westron, was often substituted by speakers of that language. TY above. HY was usually derived from sy- and khy-; in both cases related Sindarin words show initial h, as in Q. Hyarmen south, S. Harad. Note that consonants written twice, as tt, ll, ss, nn, represent long, double consonants. At the end of words of more than one syllable these were usually shortened: as in Rohan from Rochann (archaic Rochand). In Sindarin the combinations ng, nd, mb, which were specially favoured in the Eldarin languages at an earlier stage, suffered various changes. mb became m in all cases, but still counted as a long consonant for purposes of stress (see below), and is thus written mm in cases where otherwise the stress might be in doubt. 1 ng remained unchanged except initially and finally where it became the simple nasal(asinEnglish sing). nd became nnusually, asEnnorMiddle-earth, Q. Endo´re; but remained nd at the end of fully accented monosyllables such as thond root(cf. Morthond Blackroot), and also before r, as Androslong-foam. This nd is also seen in some ancient names derived from an older period, such as Nargothrond, Gondolin, Beleriand. In the Third Age final nd in long words had become n from nn, as in Ithilien, Rohan, Ano´rien. oracle apex free tier For vowels the letters i, e, a, o, u are used, and (in Sindarin only) y. As far as can be determined the sounds represented by these letters (other than y) were of normal kind, though doubtless many local varieties escape detection. 2 That is, the sounds were approximately those represented by i, e, a, o, u in English machine, were, father, for, brute, irrespective of quantity. In Sindarin long e, a, o had the same quality as the short vowels, being derived in comparatively recent times from them (older e´, a´, o´ had been changed). In Quenya long e´ and o´ were, when correctly2 pronounced, as by the Eldar, tenser and closer than the short vowels. Sindarin alone among contemporary languages possessed the modified or fronted u, more or less as u in French lune. It harry potter hogwarts requirements partly a modification of o and u, partly derived from older diphthongs eu, iu. For this sound y has been used (as in ancient English): as in lyˆg snake, Q. leuca, or emyn pl. of amon hill. In Gondor this y was usually pronounced like i. 1 As in galadhremmin ennorath (p. 238) tree-woven lands of Middle-earth. Remmirath (p. 81) contains rem mesh, Q. rembe, mıˆr jewel. 2 A fairly widespread pronunciation of long e´ and o´ as ei and ou, more or less as in English say no, both in Westron and in the renderings of Quenya names by Westron speakers, is shown by spellings such as ei, ou (or their equivalents in contemporary scripts). But such pronunciations were regarded as incorrect or rustic. They were naturally usual in the Shire. Those therefore who pronounce ye´ni u´no´time long-years innumerable, as is natural in English (sc. more or less as yainy oonoatimy) will err little more than Bilbo, Meriadoc, or Peregrin. Frodo is said to have shown great skill with foreign sounds. 1116 T HE L ORD O F THE R INGS Long vowels are usually marked with the acute accent, as in some varieties of Fe¨anorian script. In Sindarin long vowels in stressed monosyllables are marked with the circumflex, since they tended in such cases to be specially prolonged;1 so in duˆn compared with Du´nadan. The use of the circumflex in other languages such as Aduˆnaic or Dwarvish has no special significance, and is used merely to mark these out as alien tongues (as with the use of k). Final e is never mute or a mere sign of length as in English. To mark this final e it is often (but not consistently) written e¨. The groups er, ir, ur (finally or before a consonant) are not intended to be pronounced as in English fern, fir, fur, but rather as English air, eer, oor. In Quenya ui, oi, ai and iu, eu, au are diphthongs (that is, pronounced in one syllable). All other pairs of vowels are dissyllabic. This is often dictated by writing e¨a (Ea¨), e¨o, oe¨. In Sindarin the diphthongs are written ae, ai, ei, oe, ui, and au. Other combinations are not diphthongal. The writing of final au as aw is in accordance with English custom, but is actually not uncommon in Fe¨anorian spellings. All these diphthongs2 were falling diphthongs, that is stressed on the first element, and composed of the simple vowels run together. Thus ai, ei, oi, ui are intended to be pronounced click to see more as the vowels in English rye would pubg game zombie mien phi authoritative ray), grey, boy, ruin; and au (aw) as in loud, how and not as in laud, haw. There is nothing in English closely corresponding to ae, oe, eu; ae and oe may be pronounced as ai, oi. stress The position of the accent or stress is not marked, since in the Eldarin languages concerned its place is determined by the form of the word. In words of two syllables it falls in practically all cases on the first syllable. In longer words it falls on the last syllable but one, where that contains a long vowel, a diphthong, or a vowel followed by two (or more) consonants. Where the last syllable but one contains (as often) a short vowel followed by only one (or no) consonant, the stress falls on the syllable before continue reading, the third from the end. Words of the last form are favoured in the Eldarin languages, especially Quenya. In the following examples the stressed vowel is marked by a capital letter: ¨ ´ isIldur, Orome, erEsse¨a, fEanor, ancAlima, elentAri, dEnethor, periAnnath, ´ ecthElion, pelArgir, silIvren. Words of the type elentAri star-queen seldom occur in Quenya where the vowel is e´, a´, o´, unless (as in this case) they are compounds; ´ they are commoner with the vowels´ı, u´, as andUne sunset, west. 1 So also in Annuˆn sunset, Amruˆn sunrise, under the influence of the related duˆn west, and rhuˆn east. 2 Originally. But iu in Quenya was in the Third Age usually pronounced as a rising diphthong as yu in English yule. A PP ENDIX E 1117 They do not occur in Sindarin except in compounds. Note that Sindarin dh, th, ch are single consonants and represent single letters in the original scripts. note In names drawn from other languages than Eldarin the same values for the letters are intended, where not specially described above, except in the case of Dwarvish. In Dwarvish, which did pubg laptop download quick possess the sounds represented above by th and ch (kh), th and kh are aspirates, that is t or k followed by an h, more or less as in backhand, outhouse. Where z occurs the sound intended is that of English z. gh in the Black Speech and Orkish represents a Apex focus group phone number usa spirant (related to g as dh to d): as in ghaˆsh and agh. The outer or Mannish names of the Dwarves have been given Northern forms, but the letter-values are those described. So also in the case of the personal and place-names of Rohan (where they have not been modernized), except that here e´a and e´o are diphthongs, which may be represented by the ea of English bear, and the eo of Theobald; y is the modified u. The modernized forms are easily click to see more and are intended to be pronounced as in English. They are mostly place-names: as Dunharrow (for Du´nharg), except Shadowfax and Wormtongue. I I WRITING The scripts and letters used in the Third Age were all ultimately of Eldarin origin, and already at that time of great antiquity. They had reached the stage of full alphabetic development, but older modes in which only the consonants were denoted by full letters were still in use. The alphabets were of two main, and in origin independent, kinds: the Tengwar or Tıˆw, here translated of duty kd xp letters; and the Certar or Cirth, translated as runes. The Tengwar were devised for writing with brush or pen, and the squared forms of inscriptions were in their case derivative from the written forms. The Certar were devised and mostly used only for scratched or incised inscriptions. The Tengwar were the more ancient; for they had been developed by the Noldor, the kindred of the Eldar most skilled in such matters, long before their exile. The oldest Eldarin letters, the Tengwar of Ru´mil, were not used in Middle-earth. The later letters, the Tengwar of Fe¨anor, were largely a new invention, though they owed something to the letters of Ru´mil. They were brought to Middle-earth by the exiled Noldor, and so became known to the Edain and Nu´meno´reans. In the Third Age their use had spread over much the same area as that in which the Common Speech was known. The Cirth were devised first in Beleriand by the Sindar, and were long used only for inscribing names and brief memorials upon wood or stone. To that origin they owe their angular shapes, very similar to the runes of our times, though they differed from these in details and were wholly different in arrangement. The Cirth in their older and simpler form spread eastward 1118 T HE L ORD O F THE R INGS in the Second Age, and became known to many peoples, to Men and Dwarves, and even to Orcs, all of whom altered them to suit their purposes and according to their skill or lack of it. One such simple form was still used by the Men of Dale, and a similar one by the Rohirrim. But in Beleriand, before the end of the First Age, the Cirth, partly under the influence of the Tengwar of the Noldor, were rearranged and further developed. Their richest and most ordered form was known as the Alphabet of Daeron, since in Elvish tradition it was said to have been devised by Daeron, the minstrel and loremaster of King Thingol of Doriath. Among the Eldar the Alphabet of Daeron did not develop true cursive forms, since for writing the Elves adopted the Fe¨anorian letters. The Elves of the West indeed for the most part gave up the use of runes altogether. In the country of Eregion, however, the Alphabet of Daeron was maintained in use and passed thence to Moria, where it became the alphabet most favoured by the Dwarves. It remained ever after in use among them and passed with them to the North. Hence in later times it was often called Angerthas Moria or the Long Rune-rows of Moria. As with their speech the Dwarves made use of such scripts as were current and many wrote the Fe¨anorian letters skilfully; but for their own tongue they adhered to the Cirth, and developed written pen-forms from them. (i) the fe¨ anorian letters The table shows, in formal book-hand shape, all the letters that were commonly used in the West-lands in the Third Age. The arrangement is the one most usual at the time, and the one in which the letters were then usually recited by name. This script was not in origin an alphabet: go here is, a haphazard series of letters, each with an independent value of its own, recited in a traditional order that has no reference either to their shapes or to their functions. 1 It was, rather, a system of consonantal signs, of similar shapes and style, which could be adapted at choice or convenience to represent the consonants of languages observed (or devised) by the Eldar. None of the letters had in itself a fixed value; but certain relations between them were gradually recognized. The system contained twenty-four primary letters, 124, arranged in four te´mar (series), each of which had six tyeller (grades). There were also additional letters, of which 2536 are examples. Of these 27 and 29 are the only strictly independent letters; the remainder are modifications of other letters. There was also a number of tehtar (signs) of link uses. These do not appear in the table. 2 The primary letters were each formed of a telco (stem) and a lu´va (bow). 1 The only relation in our alphabet that would have appeared intelligible to the Fallout ammo id list is that between P and B; and their separation from one another, and from F, M, V, would have seemed to them absurd. 2 Many of them appear in the examples on the title-page, and in the inscription on p. 50, transcribed on p. 254. They were mainly used to express vowel-sounds, in Quenya usually regarded as modifications of the accompanying consonant; or to express more briefly some of the most frequent consonant combinations. APPENDIX E 1119 THE TENGWAR 1120 T HE L ORD O F THE R INGS The forms seen in 14 were regarded as normal. The stem could be raised, as in 916; or reduced, as in 1724. The bow could be open, as in Series I and III; or closed, as this web page II and IV; and in either case it could be doubled, as e. in 58. The theoretic freedom of application had in the Third Age been modified by custom to this extent that Series I was generally applied to the dental or t-series (tincote´ma), call of duty beta unblocked II to the labials or p-series (parmate´ma). The application of Series III and IV varied according to the requirements of different languages. In languages like the Westron, which made much use of consonants1 such as our ch, j, sh, Series III was usually applied to these; in which case Series IV was applied to the normal k-series (calmate´ma). In Quenya, which possessed besides the calmate´ma Apex focus group phone number usa a palatal series (tyelpete´ma) and a labialized series (quessete´ma), the palatals were represented by a Fe¨anorian diacritic denoting following y (usually two underposed dots), while Series IV was a kw-series. Within these general applications the following relations were also commonly observed. The normal letters, Grade 1, were applied to the voiceless stops: t, p, k, etc. The doubling of the bow indicated the addition of voice: thus if 1, 2, 3, 4t, p, ch, k (or t, p, k, kw) then 5, 6, 7, 8d, b, j, g (or d, b, g, gw). The raising of the stem indicated the opening of the consonant to a spirant: thus assuming the above values for Grade 1, Grade 3 (912)th, f, sh, ch (or th, f, kh, khwhw), and Grade 4 (1316)dh, read more, zh, gh (or dh, v, gh, ghww). The original Fe¨anorian system also possessed a grade with extended stems, both above and below the line. These usually represented aspirated consonants (e. th, ph, kh), but might represent other consonantal variations required. They were not needed in the languages of the Third Age that used this script; but the extended forms were much used as variants (more clearly distinguished from Grade 1) of Grades 3 and 4. Grade 5 (1720) was usually applied to the nasal consonants: thus 17 and 18 were the most common signs for n and m. According to the principle observed above, Grade 6 should then have represented the voiceless nasals; but since such sounds (exemplified by Welsh nh or ancient English hn) were of very rare occurrence in the languages concerned, Grade 6 (2124) was most often used for the weakest or semi-vocalic consonants of each series. It consisted of the smallest and simplest shapes among the primary letters. Thus 21 was often used for a weak (untrilled) r, originally occurring in Quenya and regarded in the system of that language as the weakest consonant of the tincote´ma; 22 was widely used for w; where Series III was used as a 2 palatal series 23 was commonly used as consonantal y. Since some of the consonants of Grade 4 tended to become weaker in 1 The representation of the sounds here is the same as that employed in transcription and described above, except that here ch represents the ch in English church; j represents the sound of English j, and zh the sound heard in azure and occasion. 2 The inscription on the West-gate of Moria gives an example of a mode, used for the spelling of Sindarin, in which Grade 6 represented the simple nasals, but Grade 5 represented the double or long nasals much used in Sindarin: 17nn, but 21n. A PP ENDIX E 1121 pronunciation, and to approach or to merge with those of Grade 6 (as described above), many of the latter ceased to have a clear function in the Eldarin languages; and it was from these part games pc 1 that the letters expressing vowels were largely derived. note The standard spelling of Quenya diverged from the applications of the letters above described. Grade 2 was used for nd, mb, ng, ngw, all of which were frequent, since b, g, gw only appeared in these combinations, while for rd, ld the special letters 26, 28 were used. (For lv, not for lw, many speakers, especially Elves, used lb: this was written with 276, since lmb could not occur. ) Similarly, Grade 4 was used for the extremely frequent combinations nt, mp, nk, nqu, since Quenya did not possess dh, gh, ghw, and for v used letter 22. See the Quenya letter-names pp. 11223. The additional letters. 27 was universally used for l. 25 (in origin a modification of 21) was used for full trilled r. Nos. 26, 28 were modifications of these. They were frequently used for voiceless r (rh) and l (lh) respectively. But in Quenya they were used for rd and ld. 29 represented s, and 31 (with doubled curl) z in those languages that required it. The inverted forms, 30 and 32, though available for use as separate signs, were mostly used as mere variants of 29 and 31, according to the convenience of writing, e. they were much used when accompanied by superimposed tehtar. 33 was in origin a variation representing some (weaker) variety of 11; its most frequent use in the Third Age was h. 34 was mostly used (if at all) for voiceless w (hw). 35 and 36 were, when used as consonants, mostly applied to y and w respectively. The vowels were in many modes represented by tehtar, usually set above a consonantal letter. In languages such as Quenya, in which most words ended in a vowel, the tehta was placed above the preceding consonant; in those such as Sindarin, in which most words ended in a consonant, it was placed above the following consonant.
Nay, Gimli, he said in a softer voice, and the grimness left his face, and he looked like one who has laboured in sleepless pain for many nights. Nay, my friends, I am the coobra master of the Stone, and I had both the right and the strength ,a use it, or so I judged. The right cannot be doubted. The strength was enough barely. He drew a deep breath. It was a bitter struggle, and the weariness is slow lute pass. I spoke no word to him, and in the end I wrenched the Stone Pubg mobile lite cobra bhai ka logo my own will. That alone he will find hard to endure. And he beheld me. Yes, Master Gimli, he saw oa, but in other guise than you see me here. If that will aid him, then I have done ill. But I do not think so. To know that I lived and walked the earth was a blow to his heart, I deem; for he knew it not till now. The eyes in Orthanc did not see through the armour of The´oden; but Sauron has not forgotten Isildur and the sword of Elendil. Now in the very hour of his great designs the heir of Isildur and the Sword are revealed; for I showed the blade re-forged to him. He is not so mighty yet that he is above fear; nay, doubt ever gnaws him. But he wields great dominion, nonetheless, said Gimli; and now he will strike more swiftly. The hasty stroke goes oft astray, said Aragorn. We must press our Enemy, and no longer wait upon him for the move. See mobild friends, when I had mastered the Stone, I learned many things. A grave peril Cobda saw coming unlooked-for upon Gondor from the South that will draw off great strength from the defence of Minas Tirith. If Pubg mobile lite cobra bhai ka logo is not countered swiftly, I deem that the City will be lost ere ten days be gone. T HE PASSI Monile O F T HE G RE Y COMP AN Y 781 Then lost it must be, said Gimli. For what help is there to send thither, and how could it come there in time. I have no help to send, therefore I must go myself, said Aragorn. But there is only one way through the mountains that will bring me to the coastlands before all is lost. That is the Paths of the Dead. Lpgo Paths of the Dead. said Gimli. It is a fell name; and little to the liking to the Men of Rohan, as I saw. Can the living use such a road and not perish. And even if you pass that way, lofo will so few avail to counter the strokes of Mordor. The living have never used that road since the coming of the Rohirrim, said Aragorn, for it is closed to them. But in this dark hour the heir of Isildur may use it, if he dare. Listen. This is the word that the sons of Elrond bring bhi me from their father in Rivendell, wisest in lore: Bid Aragorn remember the words of the seer, and the Paths of the Dead. And cibra may be the words of the seer. said Legolas. Thus spoke Malbeth the Seer, in the days of Arvedui, last king at Fornost, said Aragorn: Over the land there lies a long shadow, westward reaching wings of darkness. Pubg mobile lite cobra bhai ka logo Tower trembles; to the tombs of kings doom approaches. The Dead awaken; for the hour is come for the oathbreakers: at the Stone of Erech they shall stand again llite hear there a horn strike на ios аналог counter the hills ringing. Whose shall the bhqi be. Who shall call them from the grey twilight, the forgotten people. The heir of him to whom the oath they swore. From the North shall he come, need shall drive him: he shall pass the Door to the Paths of the Dead. Dark ways, doubtless, said Gimli, but no darker than these staves are to me. If you would understand them better, lofo I bid you come with me, said Bahi for that way I now shall Pubg mobile lite cobra bhai ka logo. But I do not go gladly; only need drives me. Therefore, only of your free will would I have you come, for you will find both toil and great fear, and maybe worse. I will go with you even on the Paths of the Dead, and to whatever end they may this web page, said Gimli. I also will come, said Legolas, pite I do not fear the Dead. I hope that the forgotten people will not have forgotten how to 782 T HE L ORD O F THE R INGS fight, said Gimli; for otherwise I see not why we should trouble them.
In it something is. Now all is clear, thanks for an explanation.